OSLIS :: APA Citation Maker

Source Type

Book or Encyclopedia, Report, Ebook, Audiobook
Periodical Article (Magazine, Journal, Newspaper)
Webpage or Blog Post
Video Recording
Audio Recording
Artwork or Other Visual Works
Social Media
Email or Interview
Live Performance, Talk, or Event
Other

Source:

Citation Resources

Selected Citation Type

Welcome to Citation Maker

To get started, click on the resource you want to cite from the Source Type column on the right (or from the drop-down menu if using a mobile device).

If you need help, click on the Citation Maker instructions, which are also found at the bottom of every template.

If you cannot open a template in the Source Type column or menu, please clear your computer’s cache.

OSLIS MLA Elementary Citation Home | OSLIS MLA Secondary Citation Home

Book or Encyclopedia, Report, Ebook, Audiobook

Use this template to cite an entire book or part of a book, dictionary, or encyclopedia, such as an article, chapter, entry, essay, play, poem, or short story. Also use it to cite gray literature like reports, pamphlets, policy briefs, conference proceedings, dissertations, and theses. This applies to all formats: print, audio, online, or ebook.

For audiobooks, see the Narrator section under Other Contributors below.

For ebooks, do not include the format, platform, or device (e.g., Kindle) in the citation. Nothing extra needs to be noted.

Examples:

Graphic novel, 2 authors, 1 illustrator, ebook

Lewis, J., & Aydin, A. (2013). March: Book one (N. Powell, Illus.). Top Shelf Productions.

Poem in a book, 1 author, 1 editor, 1 translator, page number

Medina, P. (2013). The secret (L. A. de Zacklin, Trans.) In L. M. Carlson (Ed.), Cool salsa: Bilingual poems on growing up Latino in the United States (p. 48). Square Fish.

Encyclopedia article, no author, 3 editors, from a multi-volume set, edition

Allergies. (2017). In D. Batten, P. Schummer, & H. Selden (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human diseases and conditions (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 54-64). Charles Scribner's Sons.

Word in an online dictionary, author is also publisher, not archived so used retrieval date

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author or Editor Name:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(Enter the name of the person or group primarily responsible for creating the entire book. This is usually an author, but it may be an editor or organization. If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author here, and credit the editor in the Other Contributors field. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who created the book?

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

(When the author is unknown or cannot be reasonably determined, skip this field. If, and only if, the book is signed Anonymous, choose the Author option from the drop-down menu above, and enter Anonymous in the Last Name field.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(If the date is not known, enter n.d. with no spaces.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Book Title:

Set Contributors

Other Contributors:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(Only use this field if you need to credit an illustrator, narrator, and/or translator. For each contributor, check a box to indicate their role. You can choose more than one role per contributor, like when the same person is both a translator and a narrator. You can also uncheck any box that you checked.)

(Only use this field if you need to credit an editor, illustrator, narrator, and/or translator. For each contributor, check a box to indicate their role. You can choose more than one role per contributor, like when the same person is both a translator and a narrator. You can also uncheck any box that you checked.)

How many other contributors?

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(The author and illustrator of a children’s book or graphic novel work together creatively to tell the story. Therefore, the illustrator of a children’s book or graphic novel should be credited. When the author and illustrator are the same, credit the same person twice: once in the Author field above and once as illustrator here. Do not credit the illustrator when illustrations are supportive, like those in young adult books, textbooks, and reference books.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Editor Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Final Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Publication Year of the Original Work:( )

(The date that you entered in the Publication Year field above should represent the year that the version you used was published. Here, list the year that the original book was published, if known and if different.)

Edition:( ed.) (Ex: 2nd ed. or Rev. ed. or Updated ed.)

(Enter the edition number or description, if there is one. Also, APA states that it is not necessary to note when you used an ebook vs. a print book. Audiobooks are accounted for under Other Contributors / Narrator.)

Volume Number:(Vol. ) (Ex: Vol. 4)

(Enter the volume number, if there is one.)
(If the volume has its own title, do not enter the volume number here. Instead update the information in the Book Title field above. Follow the set title [Handbook of chemistry] with the volume number [Vol. 2] and the volume title [Organic chemistry]. Also, add a colon after the set title and a period after the volume number. Example: Handbook of chemistry: Vol. 2. Organic chemistry)

Publisher:.

(Enter the publisher name as it appears on the source. When the author and the publisher are the same, leave the Publisher field blank.)

How was this source accessed?

Set Source

(How to format DOIs) DOI (if there is one):

(If the book includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. If there is no DOI, your citation is complete. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092)

(APA does not require you to list the database name or URL. Your citation is complete.)

(How to format DOIs and URLs) DOI or URL:

(If the book includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092 If there is no DOI, enter the URL instead. Ex: https://www.books.com/abc123)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(Enter the name of the person or group primarily responsible for creating the report or pamphlet. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who created the report or pamphlet?

(When the author is a government agency, follow the "Group as Author, Government Agency" rule.)

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

(When the author is unknown or cannot be reasonably determined, skip this field. If, and only if, the report or pamphlet is signed Anonymous, choose the Author option from the drop-down menu above, and enter Anonymous in the Last Name field.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date as it appears on the source. If the date is not known, enter n.d. with no spaces in the Year text box.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Report or Pamphlet Title:

Report or Pamphlet Number:( ) (Ex: Report No. 582)

(Enter the number or description of the report or pamphlet as it appears on the source, if there is one. Description example: Health Statistics Series 10, Issue 260)

Source Description:[].

(Reports are the most common type of gray literature so they do not need an additional source description. For less common and non-standard sources, add an additional description to better identify the source, especially if the description is not already part of the title or the report number. Examples of possible descriptions: Policy brief or Press release or Grant or Conference session or Poster presentation or Symposium or Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan or Master’s thesis, Willamette University.)

Publisher:.

(Enter the publisher name as it appears on the source. When the author and the publisher are the same, leave the publisher field blank. When the author and publisher are a government agency, follow the "Group as Author, Government Agency" rule.)

How was this source accessed?

Set Source

(How to format DOIs) DOI (if there is one):

(If the report or pamphlet includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. If there is no DOI, your citation is complete. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092)

(APA does not require you to list the database name or URL. Your citation is complete.)

(How to format DOIs and URLs) DOI or URL:

(If the report or pamphlet includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092 If there is no DOI, enter the URL instead. Ex: https://www.census.gov/reports/p30-07.pdf)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Is a separate author listed for the part of the book that you are citing?

APA states that when a book section does not list a separate author, you should cite the whole book. Use the Entire Book (Author or Editor) option above instead. In your in-text citation, provide the chapter number or pages used, and for an audiobook, provide the time stamp or track number.

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the part of the book you used -- article, chapter, essay, play, poem, short story, etc. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who created the part of the book?

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

(When the author is unknown or cannot be reasonably determined, skip this field.
If, and only if, the report or pamphlet is signed Anonymous, choose the Author option from the drop-down menu above, and enter Anonymous in the Last Name field.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(If the date is not known, enter n.d. with no spaces.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Book Part Title:.

Set Contributors

Other Contributors:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

How many other contributors?

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Illustrator Narrator [Audiobook] Translator

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Final Last Name:,

(If a book lists both an author and editor on the cover or title page, credit the author in the Author field above, and credit the editor here.)

(All audiobooks include one or more narrators. There are only four situations in which your citation should indicate that you used an audiobook:

The content of the audiobook differed from the original book, like an abridged audiobook ed.
The audiobook was released in a different year than the original book.
In your paper, you noted something special, like the impact of the narration.
In your paper, you used a quote from the audiobook.)

(If the book was translated into English from another language, include the name of the translator.)

Publication Year of the Original Work:( )

Whole Book Information

Set Whole Book Information

Set Whole Book Editor

Editor Name:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(List the person responsible for editing the book that you used.)

How many editors?

(When there are 21 or more editors, enter the names of the first 19 editors and then enter the final editor. Enter the editor names in the same order that they are listed in the book.)

(Since there are no editors, skip this field.)

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Book Title:

Edition:( ed.) (Ex: 2nd ed. or Rev. ed. or Updated ed.)

Volume Number:(Vol. ) (Ex: Vol. 4)

Page Numbers:( ). (Ex: p. 342 or pp. 30-57)

(Enter the page number/s of the chapter or section used from the book, if there are any. For an audiobook, list the time stamp range or track numbers instead. Ex: 05:30-19:22 or Track 2-Track 12)

Publisher:.

(Enter the publisher name as it appears on the source. When the author and the publisher are the same, leave the Publisher field blank.)

How was this source accessed?

Set Source

(How to format DOIs) DOI (if there is one):

(If the book includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. If there is no DOI, your citation is complete. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092)

(APA does not require you to list the database name or URL. Your citation is complete.)

(How to format DOIs and URLs) DOI or URL:

(If the book includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092 If there is no DOI, enter the URL instead. Ex: https://www.books.com/abc123)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Although most online sources can be updated, some online sources like dictionaries or encyclopedias are designed to be changed frequently. Some sources (like Wikipedia) archive entries, so the specific version you used can be accessed later, even if the entry has since been updated. If the entry is not archived, a retrieval date is included in the citation to indicate the version used.

(How to determine if your online source is archived) Did your entry come from an archived source?

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the entry in the online source that you used. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who is listed as the author of the entry?

How many authors?

Publisher as Author:.

(List the publisher as the author. If you cannot determine a publisher, leave this field blank. Always leave this field blank for Wikipedia and other wiki entries.)

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

(Since there are no authors, skip this field.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date as it appears on the source.)

Publication Date:().

(When an online reference work is continuously updated and the versions are not archived, n.d. is used instead of the publication date.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Entry Title:.

(List the title of the dictionary entry or encyclopedia article.)

Whole Book Information

Set Whole Book Information

Set Whole Book Editor

Editor Name:(How to credit authors and other contributors)

(List the person responsible for editing the online source that you used.)

How many editors?

(When there are 21 or more editors, enter the names of the first 19 editors and then enter the final editor. Enter the editor names in the same order that they are listed in the book.)

(Since there are no editors, skip this field.)

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Book Title:

Edition:( ed.) (Ex: 2nd ed. or Rev. ed. or Updated ed.)

(Enter the edition number or description, if there is one.)

Volume Number:(Vol. ) (Ex: Vol. 4)

(Enter the volume number for the entry, if there is one.)

Page Numbers:( ). (Ex: p. 342 or pp. 30-57)

(Enter the page number/s for the entry, if listed.)

Publisher:.

(Enter the publisher name as it appears on the source. When the author and the publisher are the same, leave the Publisher field blank.)

Retrieval Date:Month: Day:, Year:,

(Enter the date that you accessed the source.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Enter the URL for the archived entry. Ex: https://www.dictionary.com/photosynthesis)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.dictionary.com/photosynthesis)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Periodical Article
(Magazine, Journal, Newspaper)

Use this template to cite an article from a magazine, scholarly journal, or newspaper. This applies to all formats: print, audio, or online.

Examples:

Magazine article, volume & issue number, page numbers

Ducharme, J. (2020, January 27). When it comes to some medical treatment, researchers find less is more. Time, 195(2), 42-45.

Journal article, 4 authors, volume & issue number, no page numbers, online, DOI

Wijeyakulasuriya, D. A., Eisenhauer, E. W., Shaby, B. A., & Hanks, E. M. (2020). Machine learning for modeling animal movement. PLoS ONE, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235750

Journal article, volume & issue number, page numbers, online, article URL

Blakemore, E. (2020, Summer). The dolls that changed the world. Popular Science, 292(2), 46-51. https://digital.emagazines.com/popsci/20200519/mobile/index.html

Newspaper article, non-consecutive pages

Theen, A. (2016, August 17). Oregon’s newest college offers a path to unconventional education. The Oregonian, A8-A9, A12.

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the article. This is usually an author, but it may be an organization. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who created the article?

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

(When the author is unknown or cannot be reasonably determined, skip this field. If, and only if, the article is signed Anonymous, choose the Author option from the drop-down menu above, and enter Anonymous in the Last Name field.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date as it appears on the source. For journals, only include the year.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Article Title:.

Editorial: Letter to the Editor:

(If the article is an editorial or a letter to the editor, check the appropriate box.)

Magazine or Journal Title:.

(Enter the magazine or journal title as it appears on the source.)

Volume Number: Issue Number:(),

(Enter the volume and issue numbers for the magazine or journal, if there are any. Do not include Vol. or No.)

Page Numbers:. (Consecutive pages ex: 36-42; Non-consecutive ex: 17-21, 64)

(Enter the page numbers of the article as they appear on the source, if there are any. Do not include p. or pp. When pages are not consecutive, separate those numbers with a comma instead of a hyphen. If the article has an article number or eLocator, enter that number instead of the page numbers, and precede it with the word Article. Ex: Article e0158474)

How was this source accessed?

Set Source

(How to format DOIs) DOI (if there is one):

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. If there is no DOI, your citation is complete. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092)

(APA does not require you to list the database name or URL. Your citation is complete.)

(How to format DOIs and URLs) DOI or URL:

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092 If there is no DOI, enter the article's URL instead. Ex: https://www.sciencemag.org/content/368/6492/690)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

There is a difference between an online newspaper (ex: The Oregonian, USA Today, The Washington Post) and an online news source (ex: BBC News, CNN, Huffpost, MSNBC). Use this template when the article is from a print or online newspaper. If the article is from an online news source, use the Webpage template instead.

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Who created the article?

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date as it appears on the source.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Article Title:.

Editorial: Letter to the Editor:

(If the article is an editorial or a letter to the editor, check the appropriate box.)

Newspaper Title:,

(Enter the newspaper title as it appears on the source.)

Page Numbers:. (Consecutive pages ex: D5-D6; Non-consecutive ex: A1, A4)

How was this source accessed?

Set Source

(How to format DOIs) DOI (if there is one):

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, enter it in URL format. If there is no DOI, your citation is complete. Ex: https://doi.org/10.1037/000092)

(APA does not require you to list the database name or URL. Your citation is complete.)

(How to format DOIs and URLs) DOI or URL:

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Comment Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Username:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name or username of the person who left the comment, as it appears on the online periodical. For a username, enter it in the Last Name field. Ex: joachimr)

Comment Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the comment was posted online.)

Comment Title:

(Enter the comment title or up to the first 20 words of the comment itself. Retain the spelling and capitalization that the commenter used.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Article Title:.

(Enter the title of the article on which the comment was posted.)

Online Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper Title:.

(Enter the title of the online publication as it appears on the source.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://wapo.st/2HDToGJ)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Webpage or Blog Post

Use this template to cite webpages and blog posts. If you cite multiple webpages from the same website, create a citation for each webpage. For entire websites, APA instructs you to include the URL and website name in the text of your paper instead of in your reference list.

If you found another type of source on the Internet, use the appropriate template instead. For example, for a journal, magazine, or newspaper article that is in a database or on a website, use the Periodical Article template. For an ebook in a database or on a website, use the Book template. For a video clip that you watched online, use the Video Recording template, and so on.

Examples:

Webpage, individual as author

Warren, R. (2018, April 16). Jane Austen biography. Jane Austen. https://www.janeausten.org/jane-austen-biography.asp

Webpage, group author, author is also website name

National Park Service. (2020, June 8). Crater Lake National Park. http://www.nps.gov/crla/

Blog post (follows formatting rules for periodicals)

Scharping, N. (2016, August 17). Fish fins and fingers: A surprising cellular connection. D-brief. https://blogs.discoverymagazine.com/d-brief/2016/08/17/fish-fis-fingers-connection

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the webpage. This is usually an author, but it may be an organization. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who created the webpage?

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Although most webpages can be updated, only a few are designed to change content frequently, like a U.S. and world population data page. (Note: Use the Visual Works template to cite a specific graph from such a population counter page.) Since most webpages are not designed to change frequently, usually the answer to the question below will be "No."

Is the webpage content designed to change frequently?

Retrieval Date:Month: Day:, Year:,

(Enter the date that you accessed the webpage.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the specific date from the source: the year, the month and year, or a full date. Always use the most recent date, whether that is the publication date or the "last updated" date. Do not use the "last reviewed" date. If the date cannot be determined, enter n.d. in the Year field.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Webpage Title:.

Website Title:.

(Enter the website title as it appears on the source. If the author name and the website title are the same, leave the Website Title field blank.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/alpaca)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the blog post. This is usually an author, but it may be an organization. If there are multiple names, enter them in the same order as they are listed in the source.)

Who created the blog post?

How many authors?

(When there are 21 or more authors, enter the names of the first 19 authors and then enter the final author.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date as it appears on the source. If the date cannot be determined, enter n.d. in the Year field.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Blog Post Title:.

Blog Title:.

(Enter the blog title as it appears on the source. If the author name and the blog title are the same, leave the Blog Title field blank.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2016/08/17/fish)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Username:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name or username of the person who left the comment, as it appears on the webpage. For a username, enter it in the Last Name field. Ex: joachimr)

Comment Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the comment was posted online.)

Comment Title:.

(Enter the comment title or up to the first 20 words of the comment itself. Retain the spelling and capitalization that the commenter used.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Webpage Title:.

(Enter the title of the webpage on which the comment was posted.)

Website Title:.

(Enter the title of the website as it appears on the source.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://bit.ly/2LQiT6J)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Username:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name or username of the person who left the comment, as it appears on the blog post. For a username, enter it in the Last Name field. Ex: joachimr)

Comment Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the comment was posted online.)

Comment Title:.

(Enter the comment title or up to the first 20 words of the comment itself. Retain the spelling and capitalization that the commenter used.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Blog Post Title:.

(Enter the title of the blog post on which the comment was added.)

Blog Title:.

(Enter the title of the blog as it appears on the source.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://bit.ly/2LQiT6J)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Video Recording

Use this template to cite video recordings, including films, television series and episodes, TED Talks, podcasts or radio programs, speeches, archived interviews, recorded webinars, and YouTube or other streaming videos. Also use it to cite transcripts of some video recordings.

Examples:

Documentary film

Linklater, R. (Director). (2006). Fast food nation [Film]. Recorded Picture Company.

Video posted on YouTube

Oregon School Library Information System [OSLIS Secondary Videos]. (2017, October 2). Advanced searching: Using limiters & subject searching [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3BAyzJvyBss

TED Talk posted on TED Talk website

Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/simone_giertz_why_you_should_make_useless_things

Television episode, multiple executive producers, multiple production companies

Lester, I. (Writer), & Kosar, M. (Director). (2020, January 14). Boss daddy (Season 6, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In A. Anderson, K. Barris, E. B. Dobbins, L. Fishburne, G. Lerner, C. Lilly, M. Petok, & H. Sugland (Executive Producers), Black-ish. Wilmore Films; Artists First; Cinema Gypsy Productions; ABC Studios.

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

While you need to cite a film, movie, or documentary that you used as a source, APA states that it is not necessary to include in your citation how you watched it -- theater, DVD, streaming online, etc.

Director Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the film, movie, or documentary was released.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Film Title:.

Production Company:.

(If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: DreamWorks SKG; Universal Pictures)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

While you need to cite a television series or episode that you used as a source, APA states that it is not necessary to include in your citation how you watched it -- broadcast, DVD, streaming online, etc.

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Executive Producer Name:(How to credit authors)

How many executive producers?

(Enter the names of the executive producers in the same order that they are listed in the credits.)

(When there are 21 or more executive producers, enter the names of the first 19 executive producers and then enter the final executive producer.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the television series was released. If the series spans multiple years, separate the years with a dash. Ex: 2012-2015 If the series is still airing, replace the second year with the word “present”. Ex: 2019-present)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Television Series Title:.

Production Company:.

(If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Sony Pictures Television; CBS Television Studios)

Set Authors

Writer Name:(How to credit authors)

How many writers?

(Enter the names of the writers in the same order that they are listed in the television episode.)

(When there are 21 or more writers, enter the names of the first 19 writers and then enter the final writer.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Director Name:

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(If the director is the same person as one of the writers, enter the same name in both the Writer and Director fields.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the television episode was released.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Episode Title:

(Season Number: Episode Number:).

(Only enter numbers.)

Television Series Information

Set TV Series Information

Set Authors

Executive Producer Name:(How to credit authors)

How many executive producers?

(Enter the names of the executive producers in the same order that they are listed in the credits.)

(When there are 21 or more executive producers, enter the names of the first 19 executive producers and then enter the final executive producer.)

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name:,

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Series Title:.

Production Company:.

(If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Sony Pictures Television; CBS Television Studios)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Often podcasts or radio programs are only available as audio recordings. However, sometimes they are available to watch, as well.

Use the Audio Recording template to cite your source if you only listened to it or if you read the transcript. Use this template if you watched a video recording of the podcast or radio program.

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Host Name:(How to credit authors)

How many hosts?

(Enter the names of all hosts. Usually a podcast or radio program only has one host, but sometimes there are co-hosts.)

(When there are 21 or more hosts, enter the names of the first 19 hosts and then enter the final host.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the podcast or radio program series was released. If the series spans multiple years, separate the years with a dash. Ex: 2012-2015 If the series is still airing, replace the second year with the word "present". Ex: 2019-present)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Series Title:.

How was this source accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Video podcast].

Description: [Video of radio broadcast].

Production Company:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced or archived the podcast or radio program series. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Team Coco; Stitcher)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.npr.org/series/tiny-desk-concerts/)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the podcast or radio program via a website, like if you used an app instead.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors

Host Name:(How to credit authors)

How many hosts?

(Enter the names of all hosts. Usually a podcast or radio program only has one host, but sometimes there are co-hosts.)

(When there are 21 or more hosts, enter the names of the first 19 hosts and then enter the final host.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the podcast or radio program episode was first released.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Episode Title:

Episode Number (if there is one):(No. )

(Only enter numbers.)

How was this source accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Video podcast episode].

Description: [Video of radio broadcast].

Podcast or Radio Program Series Information

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Series Title:.

Production Company:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced or archived the podcast or radio program episode. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Team Coco; Stitcher)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.npr.org/2020/06/15/875430577/alicia-keys-tiny-desk-concert)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the podcast or radio program via a website, like if you used an app instead.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Speechmaker Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name of the person who gave the speech.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the speech took place.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Speech Title:

How was the speech accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Speech video recording].

Description: [Speech transcript].

Publisher:.

(Enter the name of the publisher, which is the company or organization primarily responsible for providing the speech recording or transcript. This could be a website, an online archive, a streaming service, etc.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.greatspeeches.com/abc123)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the speech via an online source, like if you viewed the speech or read the transcript while visiting a museum.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Only use this option if you are citing a video recording of an interview, or the transcript of an interview, that you found in a physical or online archive. If the recording or transcript is not in an archive, use the most relevant source template to cite the interview instead.

An archive strives to permanently store a collection of works by one or more individuals or an organization. Often the works are digitized and posted online. These are some examples of archives and archived collections:

Veterans History Project at the Library of Congress
Echoes of Memory Collection at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Artist Oral History Initiative at The Modern Museum of Art
The Interviews Collection at the Television Academy Foundation

Set Authors

Interviewee Name:(How to credit authors)

How many people were interviewed?

(Enter the name of the person or persons who were interviewed.)

(When there are 21 or more interviewees, enter the names of the first 19 interviewees and then enter the final interviewee.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the interview took place.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Interview Title:

How was the interview accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Interview].

Description: [Interview transcript].

Publisher:.

(Enter the name of the publisher, which is the company or organization primarily responsible for archiving the interview recording or transcript. This could be an online archive, a museum, etc.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.interviewarchive.com/abc123)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the interview via an online source, like if you viewed the recording or read the transcript while visiting an archive or museum.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Use this option to cite a recorded webinar that is posted online. If you watched a live webinar that was not recorded, do not cite it in your reference list because others cannot retrieve the information, but do mention it in your paper.

Set Authors

Instructor Name:(How to credit authors)

How many instructors?

(Instructors are the people who presented the webinar content. Enter the names of the instructors in the same order that they are listed or appeared in the webinar.)

(When there are 21 or more instructors, enter the names of the first 19 instructors and then enter the final instructor.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the webinar recording was posted.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Webinar Title:.

Production Company:.

(Enter the name of the university department, organization, business, or other group responsible for producing the webinar. If there are multiple groups, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: University of Oregon; American Psychiatric Association)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://education.psychiatry.org/ActivityID=6172)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

To cite a film, movie, documentary, TV series, TV episode, podcast or radio program recording, or webinar, use the corresponding option in the "What are you citing?" drop-down menu above, regardless of whether you watched the recording online. Use this option to cite all other online videos.

Was the video posted on a streaming service such as YouTube or Vimeo?

Video Uploader Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Username (if there is one):[]. (Ex: Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl])

(Enter the name of the person or group who uploaded the video. Provide the real name and the username, if known. For usernames, retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalization.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the video was posted.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Video Title:.

Streaming Video Site Name:. (Ex: YouTube or Vimeo)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://vimeo.com/244405542)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors

Presenter or Narrator Name:(How to credit authors)

How many presenters or narrators?

(Enter the names of the individuals who delivered the content of the video. Usually that is the presenter or narrator. Otherwise, name those who created the video.)

(When there are 21 or more presenters or narrators, enter the names of the first 19 presenters or narrators and then enter the final presenter or narrator.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

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Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the video was posted.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Video Title:.

Production Company:.

(Enter the name of the person or group responsible for producing the video. If there are multiple names, separate each with a semicolon.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.ted.com/talks/simone_giertz_why)

Create Citation Below Clear
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Audio Recording

Use this template to cite audio recordings, including songs, albums, podcasts, radio programs, speeches, and archived interviews. Also use it to cite transcripts of some audio recordings. Use the Book template to cite audiobooks.

Examples:

Album, classical music

Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos [Album recorded by Oregon Symphony]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)

Song, modern music, multiple recording labels

Beyoncé. (2016). Sandcastles [Song]. On Lemonade. Parkwood; Columbia.

Speech recording, online

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Audio podcast episode, no episode number

Iskander, J. (Host). (2020, March 17). Preventing type 2 diabetes [Audio podcast episode]. In Beyond the data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/media/id/405191

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

While you need to cite an album or song that you used as a source, APA states that it is not necessary to include in your citation how you listened to it -- CD, downloaded music, streaming service, etc.

What are you citing?

Composer Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the album was recorded.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Album Title:

Set Authors

Recording Artist Name:(How to credit authors)

How many recording artists?

(Identify the primary individual or group who performed the composition. Occasionally there is more than one recording artist, as in duets and other collaborations.)

(When there are 21 or more recording artists, enter the names of the first 19 recording artists and then enter the final recording artist.)

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Most albums are widely available. For example, an artist’s album may be available on the artist’s website, on iTunes, and in music stores.

Occasionally, albums are only available in one online location. For example, an artist may only make her album available on SoundCloud. Or, she may only make her music available on her website.

Is the album only available from one online location?

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://soundcloud/artist/12345)

Publication Year of the Original Work:( )

(The date that you entered in the Publication Year field above should represent the year that the album you used was recorded. Here, enter the year that the work was originally composed, if different.)

Recording Label:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced the album. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Coviello Music Productions; Blue House Productions)

Publication Year of the Original Work:( )

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Composer Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the song or track was recorded.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Song or Track Title:

Set Authors

Recording Artist Name:(How to credit authors)

How many recording artists?

(Identify the primary individual or group who performed the composition. Occasionally there is more than one recording artist, as in duets and other collaborations.)

(When there are 21 or more recording artists, enter the names of the first 19 recording artists and then enter the final recording artist.)

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final First Initial:. Middle Initial:. Last Name or Group Name:,

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Album Title:.

(If the song or track is not part of an album, leave the Album Title field blank.)

Most songs or tracks are widely available. For example, an artist’s song may be available on the artist’s website, on iTunes, and in music stores.

Occasionally, songs or tracks are only available in one online location. For example, an artist may only make her song or track available on SoundCloud. Or, she may only make her music available on her website.

Is the song or track only available from one online location?

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://soundcloud/artist/12345)

Publication Year of the Original Work:( )

(The date that you entered in the Publication Year field above should represent the year that the song or track you used was recorded. Here, enter the year that the work was originally composed, if different.)

Recording Label:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced the album. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Coviello Music Productions; Blue House Productions)

Publication Year of the Original Work:( )

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Recording Artist Name:(How to credit authors)

How many recording artists?

(Identify the primary individual or group who performed the album. Occasionally there is more than one recording artist, as in duets and other collaborations.)

(When there are 21 or more recording artists, enter the names of the first 19 recording artists and then enter the final recording artist.)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the album was recorded.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Album Title:.

Most albums are widely available. For example, an artist’s album may be available on the artist’s website, on iTunes, and in music stores.

Occasionally, albums are only available in one online location. For example, an artist may only make her album available on SoundCloud. Or, she may only make her music available on her website.

Is the album only available from one online location?

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://soundcloud/artist/12345)

Recording Label:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced the album. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Parkwood; Columbia)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors

Recording Artist Name:(How to credit authors)

How many recording artists?

(Identify the primary individual or group who performed the composition. Occasionally there is more than one recording artist, as in duets and other collaborations.)

(When there are 21 or more recording artists, enter the names of the first 19 recording artists and then enter the final recording artist.)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the song or track was recorded.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Song or Track Title:.

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Album Title:.

(If the song or track is not part of an album, leave the Album Title field blank.)

Most songs or tracks are widely available. For example, an artist’s song may be available on the artist’s website, on iTunes, and in music stores.

Is the song or track only available from one online location?

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://soundcloud/artist/12345)

Recording Label:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced the song or track. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Parkwood; Columbia)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Often podcasts or radio programs are only available as audio recordings. However, sometimes they are available to watch, as well.

Use the Video Recording template to cite your source if you watched a video recording of the podcast or radio program. Use this template if you listened to it or if you read the transcript.

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Host Name:(How to credit authors)

How many hosts?

(Enter the names of all hosts. Usually a podcast or radio program only has one host, but sometimes there are co-hosts.)

(When there are 21 or more hosts, enter the names of the first 19 hosts and then enter the final host.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year that the podcast or radio program series was first released. If the series spans multiple years, separate the years with a dash. Ex: 2012-2015 If the series is still airing, replace the second year with the word “present”. Ex: 2019-present)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Series Title:

How was this source accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Audio podcast].

Description: [Radio broadcast].

Production Company:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced or archived the podcast or radio program series. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Kindred Media; Audiation)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the podcast or radio program via a website, like if you used an app instead.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors

Host Name:(How to credit authors)

How many hosts?

(Enter the names of all hosts. Usually a podcast or radio program only has one host, but sometimes there are co-hosts.)

(When there are 21 or more hosts, enter the names of the first 19 hosts and then enter the final host.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the podcast or radio program episode was first released.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Episode Title:

Episode Number (if there is one):(No. )

(Only enter numbers.)

How was this source accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Audio podcast episode].

Description: [Radio broadcast].

Description: [Audio podcast transcript].

Description: [Radio broadcast transcript].

Podcast or Radio Program Series Information

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Series Title:.

Production Company:.

(Enter the name of the company that produced or archived the podcast or radio program episode. If there are multiple companies, separate each with a semicolon. Ex: Kindred Media; Audiation)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the podcast or radio program via a website, like if you used an app instead.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Speechmaker Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name of the person who gave the speech.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the speech took place.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Speech Title:

How was the speech accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Speech audio recording].

Description: [Speech transcript].

Publisher:.

(Enter the name of the publisher, which is the company or organization primarily responsible for providing the speech recording or transcript. This could be an album recording label, an online archive, a streaming service, etc.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.greatspeeches.com/abc123)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the speech via an online source, like if you listened to the recording from a physical album of speeches, or if you listened to the speech or read the transcript while visiting a museum.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Only use this option if you are citing an audio recording of an interview, or the transcript of an interview, that you found in a physical or online archive. If the recording or transcript is not in an archive, use the most relevant source template to cite the interview instead.

National Archives
WSM Radio Archives
Echoes of Memory Collection at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Oral Histories Collection at the University of Southern Mississippi

Set Authors

Interviewee Name:(How to credit authors)

How many people were interviewed?

(Enter the name of the person or persons who were interviewed.)

(When there are 21 or more interviewees, enter the names of the first 19 interviewees and then enter the final interviewee.)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the interview took place.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Interview Title:

How was the interview accessed?

Set access description

Description: [Interview].

Description: [Interview transcript].

Publisher:.

(Enter the name of the publisher, which is the company or organization primarily responsible for archiving the interview recording or transcript. This could be an online archive, a museum, etc.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.interviewarchive.com/abc123)
(Leave this field blank if you did not access the interview via an online source, like if you listened to the recording or read the transcript while visiting an archive or museum.)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Artwork or Other Visual Works

Use this template to cite artwork (drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures, etc.) and other visual works (charts, clip art, infographics, lecture notes, maps, slideshows, etc.).

If you viewed the work in a museum or on a website, use this template.

However, if you viewed the work in a different source, use the appropriate template instead. For example, for a photograph that you found in a book, cite the book using the Book template. Or, for a graph that you found in a magazine article in a database, cite the article using the Periodical Article template.

Citations need to be retrievable, meaning your reader needs to be able to find the same source. If you viewed a piece of art in person but not in a museum, like a statue in a park, you should not cite it unless you are able to find a retrievable source, like a photograph of the statue in a newspaper article. If not, mention the statue in your paper, but do not cite it in your reference list.

Examples:

Artwork, titled, viewed in a museum

Kahlo, F. (1940). Self-portrait with cropped hair [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States.

Artwork, untitled (so a description was included), viewed online, on a museum website

Lewis, N. (1949). [Oil on canvas abstract impressionism painting]. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79929

Artwork, titled, viewed online, on website not associated with a museum

Pollock, J. (1938). The flame [Painting]. Jackson Pollock: Biography, paintings and quotes. https://www.jackson-pollock.org/the-flame.jsp

Infographic, author is also publisher

American Heart Association. (2020). How too much added sugar affects your health [Infographic]. https://www.heart.org/-/media/healthy-living-files/infographics/how-too-much-added-sugar-affects-your-health-infographic.pdf?la=en

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Where did you see the artwork?

Use this template to cite all types of museum artwork whether seen in person or on the museum’s website. Examples of museum artwork include drawings, installations, paintings, photographs, prints, and sculptures.

Artist Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name of the person who created the artwork.)

Publication Year:( ).

(Enter the year the artwork was created. The date may be a single year, like 2012, or a range of years if the artwork took more than one year to create, like 2012-2014. For an approximate date, enter ca. before the year. Ex: ca. 1845)

Does this artwork have a title?

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Artwork Title:

What is the artwork’s format or medium?

Other Format or Medium:[].

(Enter the format or a description of the medium. Only capitalize the first word.)

Artwork Description:[].

(Enter a description of the artwork, including the medium or format. Capitalize the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Chair of stained oak)

Museum Name:,

City:, State:, Country:.

(Ex: Chicago, IL, United States or Vancouver, BC, Canada or Paris, France)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(If the artwork is available on the museum’s website, enter the artwork’s URL, even if you saw the piece in person. Ex: https://www.artic.edu/artworks/6565/american-gothic)

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Use this template to cite artwork that you saw online but not on a museum website.

Artist Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

(Enter the name of the person who created the artwork.)

Publication Year:( ).

Does this artwork have a title?

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Artwork Title:

What is the artwork’s format or medium?

Other Format or Medium:[].

(Enter the format or a description of the medium. Only capitalize the first word.)

Website Title:.

(Enter the title of the website where you saw the artwork, as it appears on the source.)

Artwork Description:[].

(Enter a description of the artwork, including the medium or format. Capitalize the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Chair of stained oak)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Website Title:.

(Enter the title of the website where you saw the artwork, as it appears on the source.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.schuchart.com/project/chihuly-garden-glass)

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If you did not view the artwork in a museum or on a website, you may be able to cite it using a different template. For example, for a photograph that you found in a book, cite the book using the Book template. Or, for a graph that you found in a magazine article in a database, cite the article using the Periodical Article template.

If you viewed a piece of art in person but not in a museum, like a statue in a park, you should not cite it unless you are able to find a retrievable source, like a photograph of the statue in a newspaper article. If not, mention the statue in your paper, but do not cite it in your reference list.

Use this template to cite visual works such as clipart, infographics, maps, and slideshows.

Set Authors

Creator Name:(How to credit authors)

How many creators?

(Enter the name of the person or group who created the visual work. A group can also be a company or organization.)

(When there are 21 or more creators, enter the names of the first 19 creators and then enter the final creator.)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Group or Organization:,

Final Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Name of Final Group or Organization:,

Some visual works are dynamic because their content is designed to change frequently. That means the information conveyed through the visual work may be different now than when you first viewed it. Examples include Google Maps routes, graphs that reflect live data, and world population counters. Since most visual works are not dynamic, usually the answer to the question below will be "No."

Does the content of the visual work change frequently?

Retrieval Date:Month: Day:, Year:,

(Enter the date that you accessed the visual work.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the specific date that the visual work was created: the year, the month and year, or a full date. If the date cannot be determined, enter n.d. in the Year field.)

Does this visual work have a title?

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Visual Work Title:

What is the visual work's format?

Product Name:[ slides].

(Enter the name of the product you used to create the slideshow. Ex: Google or Keystone or PowerPoint or Prezi)

Other Format:[].

(Identify the format and enter it here. Only capitalize the first word.)

Visual Work Description:[].

(Enter a description of the visual work, starting with the format. Capitalize the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Diagram of human circulatory system or Lecture notes on D-Day Invasion or Chart showing ozone depletion from 1980-2019)

Publisher:.

(Enter the name of the group who published or produced the visual work. This could be a university department, company, organization, etc. When the creator and the publisher are the same, leave the Publisher field blank.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.slideshare.net/game-on-logic-2016/)

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Social Media (Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, etc.)

Use this template to cite original content from social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Reddit, TikTok, Tumblr, Twitter, and so forth.

However, if a social media post directed you to another source, cite that source instead. For example, for a documentary that you found on Facebook, cite the documentary using the Video Recording template. Or, for a newspaper article that you found on Twitter, cite the article using the Periodical Article template.

Examples:

Tweet on Twitter, real name and username, first 20 words of tweet used as title, image included

Pope Francis [@Pontifex]. (2016, September 4). Let us carry Mother Teresa’s smile in our hearts and give it to those whom we meet along our journey [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. http://www.twitter.com/Pontifex/status/772396413258903552

Group page on Facebook, not archived so used retrieval date

American Diabetes Association. (n.d.). About [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/AmericanDiabetesAssociation/about/

Comment on online forum post, username, real name not known

haffy-1223. (2018, September 12). What do you think while on the launchpad about to launch? [Comment on the online forum post I'm NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight!]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/e5v0027/

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Username (if there is one):[]. (Ex: DeGeneres, E. [@TheEllenShow])

(Enter the name of the person or group who made the post. Provide the real name and the username, if known. For usernames, retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalization.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date of the post.)

Post Content:

(Enter up to the first 20 words of the post as it was written, including nonstandard spelling and capitalization. Count a URL, hashtag, or emoji as one word each.)

What type of post?

Set access description

Post Type: [Status update]. Site Name: Facebook.

Post Type: [Photograph]. Site Name: Instagram.

Post Type: [Video]. Site Name: Instagram.

Post Type: [Post]. Site Name: LinkedIn.

Post Type: [Video]. Site Name: TikTok.

Post Type: [Post]. Site Name: Tumblr.

Post Type: [Tweet]. Site Name: Twitter.

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Username (if there is one):[]. (Ex: DeGeneres, E. [@TheEllenShow])

(Enter the name of the person or group who made the collection or feature. Provide the real name and the username, if known. For usernames, retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalization.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date that the collection or feature was posted. If the date cannot be determined, enter n.d. in the Year field.)

(How to capitalize and punctuate titles) Collection or Feature Title:

What type of collection or feature?

Set access description

Collection or Feature Type: [Highlight]. Site Name: Instagram.

Collection or Feature Type: [Moment]. Site Name: Twitter.

Other Collection or Feature Type:[]. Site Name:.

(If the type of collection or feature you viewed is not listed in the drop-down menu, identify it here. Capitalize only the first word. Ex: Holiday decoration boards Then enter the social media site name. Ex: Pinterest)

Retrieval Date:Month: Day:, Year:,

(Enter the date that you accessed the collection or feature page. APA requires you to provide a retrieval date because the collection may change over time and is not archived.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://twitter.com/i/moments/971819538411999232)

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What are you citing?

Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Username (if there is one):[]. (Ex: Little, J. [j450n_l])

(Enter the name of the person or group who made the post. Provide the real name and the username, if known. For usernames, retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalization.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date of the post.)

Post Content:

(Enter up to the first 20 words of the post as it was written, including nonstandard spelling and capitalization. Count a URL, hashtag, or emoji as one word each.)

Online Forum Name:. (Ex: Reddit)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/12345)

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Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Username (if there is one):[]. (Ex: Little, J. [j450n_l])

(Enter the name of the person or group who made the comment. Provide the real name and the username, if known. For usernames, retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalization.)

Publication Date:(Year:, Month: Day: ).

(Enter the date of the comment.)

Comment Content:

(Enter up to the first 20 words of the comment as it was written, including nonstandard spelling and capitalization. Count a URL, hashtag, or emoji as one word each.)

Post Content:[].

(Enter up to the first 20 words of the post as it was written, including nonstandard spelling and capitalization. Count a URL, hashtag, or emoji as one word each.)

Online Forum Name:. (Ex: Reddit)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(You may be able to obtain the URL of the comment itself, rather than the URL of the whole post. If so, click on the date stamp of the comment and copy the new URL. Ex: https://www.reddit.com/r/comments/12345 If not, use the URL for the whole post.)

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Author Name:(How to credit authors)

Last Name or Group Name:, First Initial:. Middle Initial:.

Username (if there is one):[]. (Ex: DeGeneres, E. [@TheEllenShow])

(Enter the name of the person or group featured on the profile page. Provide the real name and the username, if known. For usernames, retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalization.)

Publication Date:(n.d.).

What is the title of the page or tab?

Set page title

Page or Tab Title:

Other Page or Tab Title:

(If the type of page or tab title you viewed is not listed in the drop-down menu, identify it here. Capitalize only the first word. Ex: Jobs or Media)

What is the name of the social media site?

Set access description

Post Type: []. Site Name: .

Post Type:[]. Site Name:.

(For the post type, enter either page or profile, and do not capitalize the word. Then enter the social media site name, and capitalize it.)

Retrieval Date:Month: Day:, Year:,

(Enter the date that you accessed the profile or page. APA requires you to provide a retrieval date because the profile or page may change over time and is not archived.)

(How to format URLs) URL:

(Ex: https://twitter.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies)

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Email or Interview

Citations need to be retrievable, meaning whoever reads your paper needs to be able to find the same sources that you used. Therefore, email and some interviews must be cited in your paper instead of in your reference list.

Emails: Emails cannot be retrieved by your readers, so they cannot be included in your reference list. Cite an email as a personal communication as explained below.
Personal Interviews: Personal interviews that you conducted (in person, via email, by telephone, or online) cannot be included in your reference list because your readers cannot retrieve this type of interview. Cite it as a personal communication as explained below.

Published Interviews
Published interviews are cited using the template that matches the source’s format. Depending on the format, the citation may or may not include [Interview] as a description. As an example, for an interview that you read in a magazine or newspaper, cite it using the Periodical Article template. Or, for a recorded interview, use the Video Recording or Audio Recording template.

Citation Examples

If you found an interview in a magazine, cite the article using the Magazine or Journal Article option on the Periodical Article template:

Winfrey, Oprah. (2013, May). Oprah talks to Maya Angelou. O, The Oprah Magazine, 14(5), 154-155, 193.

If you listened to an interview found in an online archive, cite the recording using the Archived Interview option on the Audio Recording template:

Grauman, A. (1983, April 13). Oral history interview with Ann Grauman [Interview]. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn503278

If you watched a non-archived interview on YouTube, cite the video using the Other Online Video option on the Video Recording template:

OWN. (2014, June 24). What Michael Jackson wanted the world to know [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=k8-0fLQCrIE

How to Cite Personal Communications

Personal communications include telephone calls, emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, memos, letters, messages from non-archived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Because personal communications cannot be retrieved by someone who reads your paper, personal communications cannot be included in the reference list. Cite them in your paper using an in-text citation instead.

Include the initial(s) and last name of the communicator; this description: personal communication; and the date the communication took place.

You may either cite it using a narrative citation, by including it within a sentence in your paper, or by using a parenthetical citation, which usually appears at the end of the relevant sentence.

Narrative: According to J. Forrester (personal communication, August 14, 2020), the decision…
Parenthetical: …decision was based on experience (J. Forrester, personal communication, August 14, 2020).

Live Performance, Talk, or Event

Citations need to be retrievable, meaning whoever reads your paper needs to be able to find the same sources that you used. Therefore, live performances, talks, or events must be cited in your paper instead of in your reference list. Cite them as a personal communication as explained below.

However, if a live performance that you attended was recorded and is retrievable, cite the recording using the Video Recording or Audio Recording template.

Or, if a lecture that you attended was not recorded but slides or lecture notes are retrievable online, cite the slides or notes using the Other Visual Works option on the Artwork template.

Citation Examples of Recordings or Notes for Live Events You Attended

If you attended a live performance of the Seattle Symphony on December 28, 2019, and a video recording was made, cite the video:

Seattle Symphony. (2019, December 30). Vivaldi: L'inverno ("winter") from the four seasons [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/77PfZjWfF7E

If you were at Bryce Canyon National Park on September 23, 2016 and heard Kelly Ricks’ ranger talk about the night sky, and a video recording was made, cite the video:

Ricks, K. (2016, September 23). Bryce Canyon night sky ranger talk [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/EIBjn9IVhTo

If you attended the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's performance at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville on March 3, 2016, and a recording was made of the concert, cite the recording:

Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. (2016). Circlin’ back: Celebrating 50 years [Album]. NGDB.

If you attended a class lecture at Florida National University in 2018, and PowerPoint slides are available, cite the slides:

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

How to Cite Personal Communications

If you attended a live event that was not recorded, treat it as a personal communication because as a source, it is not retrievable by others. Cite it within your paper using an in-text citation. Do not cite it in your reference list.

Include the initial(s) and last name of the performer or lecturer, a brief description like personal communication (for a talk or lecture) or live play or live concert, and the date the event took place.

You may either cite it using a narrative citation, by including it within a sentence in your paper, or by using a parenthetical citation, which usually appears at the end of the relevant sentence.

Narrative: According to J. Forrester (personal communication, August 14, 2020), the decision…; …the Oregon Shakespeare Festival performance of MacBeth (live play, September 20, 2019), included a…
Parenthetical: …decision was based on experience (J. Forrester, personal communication, August 14, 2020).; …included in MacBeth (Oregon Shakespeare Festival, live play, September 20, 2019).…

Other -- Sources Not Covered in Other Templates

If none of the Source Type templates match the source you used, build your citation from scratch following APA guidelines.

Or, choose the template that seems like the closest fit, create a citation, and then correct it or add to it as necessary. For example, you may want to add a description field in brackets after the source title to describe your source. The Book template’s Gray Literature option may be a good place to start because it allows you to enter extra numbers and descriptions.

APA Resources

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. (book)
APA Style website’s References section, especially the Basic Principles and the Reference Examples pages
APA Citation Resources page on OSLIS

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