Cite My Sources

Welcome to Citation Maker

To get started, click on the resource you want to cite from the Source Type column on the right (or from the drop-down menu if using a mobile device).

If you need help, click on the Citation Maker instructions, which are also found at the bottom of every template.

If you cannot open a template in the Source Type column or menu, please clear your computer’s cache.

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Book or Encyclopedia, Report, E-book, Audiobook

Use this template to cite an entire book or part of a book or encyclopedia, such as an article, chapter, essay, play, poem, or short story. Also use it to cite gray literature such as a report, brochure, pamphlet, map, dissertation, or thesis. This applies to all formats: print, audio, online, or e-book.

Examples:

Book, 2 authors, viewed in a library database

Harris, Duchess, and A. R. Carser. Dennis Banks and Russell Means: Native American Activists. Core Library, 2020. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7974200006/GVRL?&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=5781c822.

Graphic novel, 2 authors, 1 illustrator, e-book

Lewis, John, and Andrew Aydin. March: Book Three. Illustrated by Nate Powell, e-book ed., Top Shelf Productions, 2016.

Poem in a book, 1 poem author, 1 poem translator, 1 book editor, page number

Medina, Pablo. "The Secret." Translated by Lyda Aponte de Zacklin. Cool Salsa: Bilingual Poems on Growing Up Latino in the United States, edited by Lori M. Carlson, Holt, 1994, p. 48.

Encyclopedia article, no author, 3 editors, from a multi-volume set, edition

"Hypochondria." The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe et al., 4th ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2022, pp. 597-98. Gale Health and Wellness, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8273700395/HWRC?&sid=bookmark-HWRC&xid=5a272017.

(See more examples)

Set Authors

Author:(How to credit authors and contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the source. This is usually an author but may be an editor or an organization.)

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)

(Only list the first author.)

(Go to the next field.)

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing a/an:

Title of Source (Title of Article): "."

Title of Source (Title of Book): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Always credit any editors or translators. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of designer would be listed as designed.)

Contributor's Role:

Was the contribution to the source or the container?

Version (Edition, if there is one, including e-books): ,

(Ex: 2nd ed., Rev. ed., Expanded ed., Updated ed., King James Version, Audiobook ed., E-book ed.)
(For an e-book or audiobook that also has an edition statement, include both. Ex: 3rd ed., e-book ed.)

Number (Volume number, if there is one): Vol. ,

(If you are using one volume of a multi-volume set, enter the number of that volume. Otherwise, leave this field blank.)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited.)

Publication Date (Year, if there is one): ,

Location (Page numbers, if available): p. .

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(Enter publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If you are citing a thesis or dissertation, leave the Publisher blank.)

Publication Date (Year, if there is one): .

Supplemental Element (Source description): .

(Reports are the most common type of gray literature so they do not need an additional source description. For less common and non-standard sources, add an additional description to better identify the source, especially if the description is not already part of the title. Examples of possible descriptions: Brochure or Pamphlet or Map or Northwestern U., PhD dissertation or Willamette U., MA thesis.)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs and DOIs)

(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

(Ex: work by William Stafford on www.williamstafford.org)

(Ex: brochure by Centers for Disease Control on www.cdc.gov)

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs and DOIs)

(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.
If an e-book or audiobook was downloaded directly to a device, a URL is not needed.)

(Ex: work by William Stafford on www.gutenberg.org)

(Ex: brochure by Centers for Disease Control on www.medlineplus.gov)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs and DOIs)

(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.
If an e-book or audiobook was downloaded directly to a device, a URL is not needed.)

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Periodical Article (Magazine, Journal, Newspaper)

Use this template to cite an article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper. This applies to all formats: print, audio, or online.

Examples:

Magazine article, volume & issue number, page numbers

Ducharme, Jamie. "When It Comes to Some Medical Treatment, Researchers Find Less Is More." Time, vol. 195, no. 2, 27 Jan. 2020, pp. 42-45.

Journal article, 4 authors, volume & issue number, no page numbers, viewed on a website, DOI

Wijeyakulasuriya, Dhanushi, et al. "Machine Learning for Modeling Animal Movement." PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 7, 27 July 2020, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235750.

Journal article, volume & issue number, page numbers, viewed in a library database

Welch, Jessica Mark. "The Secrets at the Tip of Your Tongue." Popular Science, vol. 292, no. 3, fall 2020, p. 98. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A637651833/GPS?&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a50c1df9.

Newspaper article, city not in newspaper title, non-consecutive pages

Theen, Andrew. "Oregon's Newest College Offers a Path to Unconventional Education." The Oregonian [Portland], 17 Aug. 2016, pp. A8+.

(See more examples)

Set Authors (How to credit authors and contributors)

Author:

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the article is only credited to a news agency, such as Associated Press or Reuters, leave Author blank.)

(Only list the first author.)

(Go to the next field.)

Set Title (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title:

I am citing a:

Title of Source (Title of Article): "."

Title of Source (Title of Book): ",

City: [],

(Add city name for local newspapers when city is not included in title)
(Ex: The Oregonian [Portland])

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: national ed., sunrise ed., South Jersey ed.)

Number (Volume or issue number, if there is one): vol. ,

no. ,

(Magazines and journals may have both a volume and issue number or just an issue number. Sometimes magazines have neither one.)

Publication Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Jan. 2022 or Jan. 2022 or Jan.-Feb. 2022 or winter 2022)

Location (Page numbers, if available): p. .

(If the article’s page numbers are not consecutive, only list the first page and a plus sign. Ex: 37+)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs and DOIs)

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092
If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

(Ex: article from Journal of the American Medical Association, or JAMA, on www.jamanetwork.com)

(Ex: article in Time magazine on www.time.com)

(Ex: article in The New York Times newspaper on www.nyt.com)

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs and DOIs)

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092
If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

(Ex: article from the journal, Animal Nutrition, on www.sciencedirect.com)

(Ex: Time magazine article posted with permission on an organization's website)

(Ex: The New York Times newspaper article posted with permission on an organization's website)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs and DOIs)

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092
If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

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Website Article or Blog

Use this template to cite website articles, blog posts, and comments on either. If you found another type of source online, use the appropriate template. For example, for a journal, magazine, or newspaper article that is in a database or on a website, use the Periodical Article template. For an e-book in a database or on a website, use the Book template. For a video clip that you watched online, use the Video Recording template, etc.

Examples:

Web page, individual as author, publisher is also website title

Rosen, Julia. "The Creation of Crater Lake: America's Deepest Lake Tells Many Magnificent Stories." Travel Oregon, 25 Feb. 2019, traveloregon.com/things-to-do/destinations/lakes-reservoirs/creation-crater-lake/.

Web page, no author, publisher is also website title

"Crater Lake." National Park Service, 2021, www.nps.gov/crla/.

Blog post, known publisher

Salt, Alun. "Under-damaged Reed Beds Are Harming Small Wetland Birds." Botany One, Annals of Botany, 3 Mar. 2022, www.botany.one/2022/03/under-damaged-reed-beds-are-harming-small-wetland-birds/.

Comment on a blog post, known publisher, known date and timestamp

Green, Cheryl. Comment on "So Few Images of African American Women, So Much Resistance to Adding More." History@Work, National Council on Public History, 1 Feb. 2022, 3:47 p.m., ncph.org/history-at-work/so-few-images-of-african-american-women-so-much-resistance-to-adding-more/.

(See more examples)

Set Authors

Author: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(List who is primarily responsible for creating the source. This is usually a person but may be a group or organization. If the author used a username, select Online Username/Pseudonym from the "How many?" drop-down menu.)
(When citing a comment, enter the name and/or username of the person who left the comment.)

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first author.)

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Username: [ ].

(Include both the username and author's real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])

(Go to the next field.)

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing a/an:

Title of Source (Title of Article): "."

Title of Source (Title of Book): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Always credit any editors or translators. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of choreographer would be listed as choreographed.)

Contributor's Role:

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If the website title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.) If the blog title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine a date that the website was created, published, or updated? Could you determine a date that the blog posting was created, published, or updated? Could you determine the date that the comment was posted?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Publication Time: Hour: Minute: A.M./P.M.: ,

(Record the timestamp, if there is one.)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Map or Clip art)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

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Video Recording

Use this template to cite video recordings, including films, television or streaming series and episodes, and videos on sharing sites (such as YouTube) and other websites. Also use it to cite transcripts of video recordings. For a video podcast, use the podcast option on the Audio Recording template. For lectures, speeches, TED Talks, and webinars, use the Performance or Presentation template.

Examples:

Documentary film, viewed on television (or in a theater or on a DVD)

Fast Food Nation. Directed by Richard Linklater, Recorded Picture, 2006.

Television episode, 1 writer (the focus of the research is on that contributor), viewed on an app

"Boss Daddy." Written by Isaiah Lester. Black-ish, season 6, episode 12, ABC Studios, 14 Jan. 2020. Hulu app.

Digital series episode, viewed on the video publisher’s website

"Is Breakfast the Most Important Meal?" Origin of Everything, PBS LearningMedia, 2018, opb.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/is-breakfast-most-important-meal/origin-of-every thing/?student=true&focus=true.

Video, uploaded by an organization, viewed on a sharing site

"Advanced Searching: Using Limiters & Subject Searching." YouTube, uploaded by Oregon School Library Information System, 2 Oct. 2017, youtu.be/3BAyzJvyBss.

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author (Director):(How to credit authors and contributors)

Is your focus on the contribution of the director or on the film as a whole?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: , director.

(Since the director is not the focus, move on to the Title field.)

Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Film, Movie, or Documentary): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Always credit the director of a film. Credit the director here if you have not already done so in the Author field. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of choreographer would be listed as choreographed.)

Contributor's Role:

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: director's cut; Ex: uncut version)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the film. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Twentieth Century Fox)

Publication Date: Year: .

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: movie by Disney on www.disneyplus.com)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: movie by Disney on www.netflix.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Set contributors Contributors (Person or Group Who Uploaded the Video): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
(If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Publication Date Publication Date:

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)

Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded?

Date Uploaded: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Netflix or Hulu)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Television or Streaming Series): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of choreographer would be listed as choreographed.)

Contributor's Role:

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: director’s cut; Ex: uncut version)

Number ,

(Use this to identify the season or series number, when that is known and relevant. Enter the descriptor and the number. Ex: season 3)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the television or streaming series. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: CBS Television Studios or HBO)

Publication Date: Year: .

(Enter the year that the series was released. If the series spans multiple years, separate the years with a hyphen. Ex: 2012-15 or 1998-2002 If the series is still airing, enter a space after the hyphen. Ex: 2019- )

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: NBC television series on www.nbc.com)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: NBC television series on www.netflix.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Set contributors Contributors (Person or Group Who Uploaded the Video): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
(If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Publication Date Publication Date:

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)

Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded?

Date Uploaded: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Netflix or Hulu)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Episode): "."

(If the episode title is not known, leave this field blank.)

Title of Container (Title of Television or Streaming Series): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of choreographer would be listed as choreographed.)

Contributor's Role:

Was the contribution to the source or the container?

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: director’s cut; Ex: uncut version)

Number ,

(Use this to identify the season or series and episode numbers, when those are known and relevant. Separate the descriptors with a comma. Ex: season 7, episode 12)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the television or streaming episode. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: CBS Television Studios or HBO)

Publication Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Mar. 2022 or Mar. 2022 or 2022)

Location: .

(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a DVD set when that is known and relevant. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.)
(Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: episode of NBC television series on www.nbc.com)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: episode of NBC television series on www.netflix.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Set contributors Contributors (Person or Group Who Uploaded the Video): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
(If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Publication Date Publication Date:

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)

Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded?

Date Uploaded: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Netflix or Hulu)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Online Video): "."

Title of Container (Title of Website or App): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Always credit the video uploader, if known. Only credit other contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank.)

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of illustrator would be listed as illustrated.)

Contributor's Role:

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded?

Date Uploaded: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://. If you accessed the video through an app, the URL is often found after clicking on Share.)

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Audio Recording

Use this template to cite audio recordings, including songs, albums, podcasts, and radio programs. Also use it to cite lyrics, transcripts, and accompanying materials such as liner notes. For audiobooks, use the Book template. For lectures, speeches, TED Talks, and webinars, use the Performance or Presentation template.

Examples:

Album, composer as author (classical music), performer listed as contributor

Bach, Johann Sebastian. The Brandenburg Concertos. Performance by Oregon Symphony, Decca, 2010.

Song on an album, performer listed as author, multiple recording labels, listened to on an app

Beyoncé. "Sandcastles." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment / Columbia Records, 2016. Spotify app.

Audio podcast episode, host (contributor) is not the same for every episode, no episode number

"Preventing Type 2 Diabetes." Hosted by John Iskander. Beyond the Data, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Mar. 2020, tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/media/id/405191.

Audio podcast episode, host (contributor) is the same for every episode, no episode number

"How Does Plant-based Chicken Compare to Real Chicken?" The Nutrition Diva's Quick and Dirty Tips for Eating Well and Feeling Fabulous, hosted by Monica Reinagel, MacMillan Publishing Group, 5 Jan. 2022. Stitcher, www.stitcher.com/show/the-nutrition-divas-quick-and-dirty-tips-for-eating-well-and-feeling-fabulous/episode/how-does-plant-based-chicken-compare-to-real-chicken-200240050.

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author (Creator): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the recording. This is usually a performer or composer.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Album or Collection): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of engineer would be listed as engineered.)

Contributor's Role:

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: expanded ed.; Ex: uncut version)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the recording. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube, iTunes, or Spotify. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Columbia Records or American Public Media)

Publication Date: Year: .

Location: .

(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a CD set when that is relevant and known. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.)
(Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Lyrics)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: album by Beyoncé on www.beyonce.com)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: album by Beyoncé on www.spotify.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Spotify or Stitcher)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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Set Authors

Author (Creator): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the recording. This is usually a performer or composer.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Song or Track): "."

Title of Container (Title of Album or Collection): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of engineer would be listed as engineered.)

Contributor's Role:

Was the contribution to the source or the container?

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: expanded ed.; Ex: uncut version)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the recording. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube, iTunes, or Spotify. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Columbia Records or American Public Media)

Publication Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Mar. 2022 or Mar. 2022 or 2022)

Location: .

(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a CD set when that is relevant and known. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.)
(Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Lyrics)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: song by Beyoncé on www.beyonce.com)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: song by Beyoncé on www.spotify.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Spotify or Stitcher)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Podcast or Radio Program): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of engineer would be listed as engineered.)

Contributor's Role:

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(If you are citing a podcast and want to identify your source as such, enter this in the text box, including the period: podcast ed.)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the recording. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube, iTunes, or Spotify. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Columbia Records or American Public Media)

Publication Date: Year: .

(Enter the year/s that the podcast was produced. If the podcast spans multiple years, separate the years with a hyphen. Ex: 2019-21 or 1998-2002 If the podcast is still being produced, enter a space after the hyphen. Ex: 2019- )

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Lyrics)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: This American Life podcast on www.thisamericanlife.org)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: This American Life podcast on www.stitcher.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Spotify or Stitcher)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Source (Title of Episode): "."

Title of Container (Title of Podcast or Radio Program): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of engineer would be listed as engineered.)

Contributor's Role:

Was the contribution to the source or the container?

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(If you are citing a podcast and want to identify your source as such, enter this in the text box, including the period: podcast ed.)

Number ,

(Use this to identify the season and episode numbers, when those are known and relevant. Separate the descriptors with a comma. Ex: season 7, episode 12)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the recording. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube, iTunes, or Spotify. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Columbia Records or American Public Media)

Publication Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Mar. 2022 or Mar. 2022 or 2022)

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Lyrics)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: This American Life podcast episode on www.thisamericanlife.org)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: This American Life podcast episode on www.stitcher.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Spotify or Stitcher)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Image, Artwork, Object, Artifact

Use this template to cite artwork (drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures, etc.) and artifacts or objects (arrowheads, fossils, jewelry, models, etc.) that you experienced in person or viewed in print or online.

For other visual works (charts, clip art, infographics, maps, etc.), use the appropriate template. For example, for an infographic that you viewed in a magazine, use the Periodical Article template. For a map that you viewed on a website, use the Website Article or Blog template. For a physical map or chart, use the Report, Pamphlet, or Gray Literature option on the Book template.

Examples:

Artwork, titled, viewed in a museum

Kahlo, Frida. Self-portrait with Cropped Hair. 1940, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.

Artwork, untitled (you provide a description), viewed on a website

Lewis, Norman. Oil on canvas abstract impressionism painting. 1949. MOMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/79929.

Artwork, titled, viewed in a book

Monet, Claude. Garden at Sainte-Adresse. 1867. Monet, by Christoph Heinrich, Taschen, 2015, p. 21.

(See more examples)

Set Author

Author (Artist/Creator, if known): (How to credit authors and contributors)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Does this image, artwork, or object have a title?

Title of Source (Title of Image, Artwork, or Object): ",

(Provide a brief generic description of the image, artwork, or object. Capitalize the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Chair of stained oak)

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Is the year of creation known?

Publication Date (Year or Time Period Created): [ ].
(Dates can take many forms. Record the date as found on the source. Ex: 2017 or 200? or 1897-1900 or Circa 1860 or Early fifteenth century)

(Go to the next field.)

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Marble sculpture)

Set Location

Location:

Where did you see this?

(Enter the database name, such as ImageQuest, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Britannica.)

Institution (Museum, Archive, Building, etc.): ,

City: , (Only identify the city if it is not part of the institution’s name.)

Object Number or Code (if there is one): .

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Book): ,

Set Authors

Author:(How to credit authors and contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for writing the book. This is usually an author but may be an organization or editor.)

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.,

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.,

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)

(Only list the first author.)

(Go to the next field.)

Set Edition

Version (Edition, if there is one, including e-books): ,

(Ex: 2nd ed., Rev. ed., Expanded ed., Updated ed., King James Version, Audiobook ed., E-book ed.)
(For an e-book that also has an edition statement, include both. Ex: 3rd ed., e-book ed.)

Number (Volume number, if there is one): Vol. ,

(If you are using one volume of a multi-volume set, enter the number of that volume. Otherwise, leave this field blank.)

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited.)

Publication Date (Year, if there is one): .

Location (Page numbers, if available): p. .

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 3 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs)

(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
If there is no DOI, enter the source's URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly in a book found on www.dalechihuly.com)

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs)

(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.
If an e-book or audiobook was downloaded directly to a device, a URL is not needed.)

(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly in a book found on www.gutenberg.org)

Container 3 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs)

(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.
If an e-book or audiobook was downloaded directly to a device, a URL is not needed.)

Container 2

Set Title (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title:

I am citing a:

Title of Source (Title of Article): "."

Set Authors

Author:(How to credit authors and contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for writing the article. This is usually an author but may be an organization.)

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.,

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)

(Only list the first author.)

(Go to the next field.)

Container 3 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Set location

Title of Source (Title of Book): ",

City: [],

(Add city name for local newspapers when city is not included in title)
(Ex: The Oregonian [Portland])

Set Version

Version (Edition, if there is one): ,

(Ex: national ed., sunrise ed., South Jersey ed.)

Number (Volume or issue number, if there is one): vol. ,

no. ,

(Magazines and journals may have both a volume and issue number or just an issue number. Sometimes magazines have neither one.)

Publication Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Jan. 2022 or Jan. 2022 or Jan.-Feb. 2022 or winter 2022)

Location (Page numbers, if available): p. .

(If the article’s page numbers are not consecutive, only list the first page and a plus sign. Ex: 37+)

Was this accessed online?

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 4 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs)

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092
If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

(Ex: article from Journal of the American Medical Association, or JAMA, on www.jamanetwork.com)

(Ex: article in Time magazine on www.time.com)

(Ex: article in The New York Times newspaper on www.nyt.com)

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs)

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092
If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

(Ex: article from the journal, Animal Nutrition, on www.sciencedirect.com)

(Ex: Time magazine article posted with permission on an organization's website)

(Ex: The New York Times newspaper article posted with permission on an organization's website)

Container 4 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Location (Web Address / URL or DOI): . (How to format URLs)

(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format.
Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092
If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)

Set Website

Is the image or artwork on the artist's or creator's own website?

(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly on www.dalechihuly.com)

(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly on www.museumofglassartwork.org)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Set Article title

Title of Source (Title of Article or Page): "."

Set entire title

Title of Source (Title of Website): ",

Set Authors

Author: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(List who is primarily responsible for writing the article or the content of the Web page. This is usually a person but may be a group or organization.)

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.,

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first author.)

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Username: [ ],

(Include both the username and author's real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])

(Go to the next field.)

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine a date that the blog posting was posted or updated?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex. 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Publication Time: Hour: Minute: A.M./P.M.: ,

(Record the timestamp, if there is one.)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Container 3 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Set Website

Title of Source (Title of Website): ",

Set Publisher

Publisher: , (How to credit publishers)

(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If the Website title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)If the blog title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)

Set Website Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine a date that the Website was created, published, or updated?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Publication Time: Hour: Minute: A.M./P.M.: ,

(Record the timestamp, if there is one.)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Set another title

Title of Source (Title of Database): ",

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Personal Interview

Only use this template to cite an interview that you conducted or experienced firsthand, including in person or by e-mail, telephone, or video chat. If you read or otherwise saw an interview, cite it using the template for the source that included the interview: Book, Periodical Article, Website Article or Blog, Video Recording, or Audio Recording.

Examples:

In-person interview, with the principal of a school, conducted by 2 students

Brown, Jennifer. Interview. Conducted by Maria Lopez and Ivan Petrov, 15 Sept. 2021.

Video conference interview, with the author of a book, conducted by a group of students

Kinney, Jeff. Video conference interview. Conducted by Mrs. Hernandez’s 6th grade class, 3 Oct. 2021.

Telephone interview, with the conductor of a local symphony, conducted by you as the author of the research paper

Kalmar, Carlos. Telephone interview with the author. 24 Jan. 2022.

E-mail interview, with a grandparent, conducted by you as the author of the research paper

Wong, Kim. E-mail interview with the author. 7 Mar. 2022.

(See more examples)

Set Authors (How to credit authors and contributors)

Author (Person Interviewed):

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first person.)

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing a/an:

Title of Source (Title of Interview): E-mail interview.

Title of Source (Title of Interview): Telephone interview.

Title of Source (Title of Interview): Video conference interview.

Title of Source (Title of Interview): Interview.

Set other contributors (How to credit authors and contributors)

Contributors (Interviewer):

Did you conduct the interview yourself?

with the author.

How many interviewers?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: . et al.,

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first person.)

Publication Date (Date of the Interview): Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

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Performance or Presentation

Use this template to cite performances (concerts, dance recitals, plays, etc.) and presentations (lectures, speeches, TED Talks, webinars, etc.) that you experienced in person or watched as a recording.

Examples:

Concert (performance), 3 performers, with known event name, viewed on a sharing site

Kessel, Barney, et al. The Great Guitars: Barney Kessel, Charlie Byrd and Herb Ellis. North Sea Jazz Festival, 17 July 1982. YouTube, uploaded by World of Jazz, 14 Nov. 2017, youtu.be/qvr8hBkYEFo.

Dance production (performance), attended in person

Diavolo. Volo. 4 Oct. 2016, Collier Center for the Performing Arts, Medford.

Lecture (presentation), with known series name, attended in person, city not included in venue's name

Erdrich, Louise. "Louise Erdrich." Portland Arts & Lectures. Literary Arts, 20 Oct. 2016, Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland.

Lecture (TED Talk presentation), viewed on TED website

Ruffo, Susan. "The Ocean’s Ingenious Climate Solutions." TED, Oct. 2021, www.ted.com/talks/susan_ruffo_the_ocean_s_ingenious_climate_solutions.

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors (How to credit authors and contributors)

Author (Performer or Creator):

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first person.)

Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Does the performance have a title?

Title of Source (Title of Performance): .

(Provide a brief generic description of the performance. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Concert; Ex: Dance recital)

Title of Container (Title of Book): ",

(This may be a festival, event series, etc. Ex: Waterfront Blues Festival)

Set other contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of interpreter would be listed as interpreted.)

Contributor's Role:

Version (if there is one): ,

(Ex: Matinee performance)

Publisher (or Sponsor): , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the performance. Enter the publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit the publisher’s name if it is included in either title field above. Ex: Triangle Productions)

Publication Date (Date of Live Event): Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Set Location

Location:

Where did you see this?

Venue of Live Event: ,

City: .
(Only identify the city if it is not part of the venue’s name.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Beyoncé concert on www.beyonce.com)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Beyoncé concert on www.codacollection.co)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Set contributors Contributors (Person or Group Who Uploaded the Video): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
(If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Publication Date Publication Date:

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)

Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded?

Date Uploaded: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Netflix or Hulu)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

Create Citation Below Clear
Form

Set Authors (How to credit authors and contributors)

Author (Speaker):

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first person.)

Set Title

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Does the presentation have a title?

Title of Source (Title of Presentation): "."

(Provide a brief generic description of the presentation. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Lecture; Ex: Speech)

Title of Container (Title of Book): ",

(This may be a lecture series, conference or convention, class or course, etc.)

Publisher (or Sponsor): , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the presentation. Enter the publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit the publisher’s name if it is included in either title field above. Ex: American Cancer Society; Ex: University of Oregon)

Publication Date (Date of Live Event): Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Set Location

Location:

Where did you see this?

Venue of Live Event: ,

City: .
(Only identify the city if it is not part of the venue’s name.)

(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Library Database): ,

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: lecture by University of Oregon professor on www.uoregon.edu)

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: lecture by University of Oregon professor on www.onedayuniversity.com)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Website): ,

Set contributors Contributors (Person or Group Who Uploaded the Video): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
(If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this field blank.)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Publication Date Publication Date:

(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)

Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded?

Date Uploaded: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://.)

(Ex: Blackboard or Netflix)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of App): app.

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E-mail or Text Message

Use this template to cite e-mails or text messages that you received or were given access to.

Examples:

E-mail, to an individual

Smith, Sandy. E-mail to Emily Chang. 17 Sept. 2021.

E-mail, to a group or organization

Johnson, John. E-mail to Mountainside High School Leadership Council. 7 Mar. 2022.

Text message, to 3 individuals

Habib, Amir. Text message to Juan Hernandez et al. 23 Jan. 2022.

Text message, to you as the author of the research paper

Juarez, Julia. Text message to the author. 28 Feb. 2022.

Set Authors

Author (Message Sender): (How to credit authors and contributors)

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing a/an:

Title of Source (Title of E-mail): E-mail.

Title of Source (Title of Text Message): Text message.

Set Contributors (How to credit authors and contributors)

Contributors (Original Recipient):

Did you receive the e-mail yourself?

to the author.

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: . et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first person.)

Did you receive the text message yourself?

to the author.

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: . et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

(Only list the first person.)

Publication Date (Date of Message): Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

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Social Media

Use this template to cite content from social media sites and online forums such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Reddit, TikTok, Tumblr, Twitter, and so forth.

However, if a social media post directed you to another source, you may want to cite that source instead. For example, for a documentary that you found on Facebook, cite the documentary using the Video Recording template. Or, for a newspaper article that you found on Twitter, cite the article using the Periodical Article template.

Examples:

Tweet from Twitter, real name and username, title is entire tweet

Pope Francis [@Pontifex]. "Let us carry Mother Teresa's smile in our hearts and give it to those whom we meet along our journey." Twitter, 4 Sept. 2016, twitter.com/Pontifex/status/772396413258903552.

Tweet from Twitter, real name and username, title is description of image

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of a letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

Profile page from TikTok, real name and username

Keys, Alicia [@aliciakeys]. "Videos." TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=eng.

Comment on an online forum post, real name unknown, title shortened with an ellipsis

haffy-1223. Comment on "I'm NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after . . . ." Reddit, 12 Sept. 2018, www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/e5v0027/.

(See more examples)

What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author (Person or Group Who Posted): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Include both the username and author’s real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Username: [ ].

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing:

Title of Source (Title of Text of the Post): "."

(Enter the title, and capitalize all major words. If there is no title, enter the text exactly as it appears in the post, including capitalization and spelling. For longer posts, you may include enough of the text to be clear, and then include an ellipsis at the end to indicate that some words were omitted. An ellipsis is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.)

(Images and videos are sometimes posted without a title or accompanying text, so you must provide a description. You may also use a description if your research focuses on the image or video instead of the title or text of the post. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Photo of spring flowers in Oregon)

Title of Container (Title of Social Media Site): ",

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine the date that the post was made?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the post, use the URL for the creator's account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)

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Set Authors

Author (Person or Group Who Posted): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Include both the username and author’s real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Username: [ ].

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing:

Title of Source (Title of Text of the Post): "."

(Enter the profile, page, or tab title. Capitalize the first letter of all major words. Ex: Archive)

(Describe the untitled profile, page, or tab. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. For example, since Snapchat does not name the various pages within an account, provide a title. Ex: Profile)

Title of Container (Title of Social Media Site): ",

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine the date that the profile or page was made?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the profile or page, use the URL for the creator’s account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)

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What are you citing?

Set Authors

Author (Person or Group Who Posted): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Include both the username and author’s real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Username: [ ].

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing:

Title of Source (Title of Text of the Post): "."

(Enter the title, and capitalize all major words. If there is no title, enter the text exactly as it appears in the post, including capitalization and spelling. For longer posts, you may include enough of the text to be clear, and then include an ellipsis at the end to indicate that some words were omitted. An ellipsis is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.)

(Images and videos are sometimes posted without a title or accompanying text, so you must provide a description. You may also use a description if your research focuses on the image or video instead of the title or text of the post. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Photo of spring flowers in Oregon)

Title of Container (Title of Social Media Site): ",

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine the date that the post was made?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the post, use the URL for the creator’s account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)

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Set Authors

Author (Person or Group Who Commented): (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Include both the username and author’s real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Username: [ ].

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing:

Title of Source (Title of Text of the Post): "."

(Enter the original post title, not the comment, and capitalize all major words. If there is no title, enter the text of the original post exactly as it appears, including capitalization and spelling. For longer posts, you may include enough of the text to be clear, and then include an ellipsis at the end to indicate that some words were omitted. An ellipsis is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.)

(Describe the untitled original post, not the comment. Images and videos are sometimes posted without a title or accompanying text, so you must provide a description. You may also use a description if your research focuses on the image or video instead of the title or text of the post. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Photo of spring flowers in Oregon)

Title of Container (Title of Social Media Site): ",

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

Could you determine the date that the comment was posted?

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)

Publication Time: Hour: Minute: A.M./P.M.: ,

Date Accessed: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Location (Web Address / URL): . (How to format URLs)

(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the post, use the URL for the creator’s account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)

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Other -- Sources Not Covered in Other Templates

Use this template to cite sources that are not already covered in MLA Citation Maker.

The MLA 9 citation guidelines are somewhat flexible. The goal is for you to think critically about each source and to apply a few rules and principles to produce a citation that is appropriate for your project. Two people could use the same source but have different citations, and both could be correct. It depends on several variables, including what aspect of the source is most relevant to the project and what format was used.

Use the most relevant fields of the basic template below to create a citation for your source. Refer to the MLA Handbook (9th ed.) and to the MLA Style Center’s "Works Cited: A Quick Guide," and "Ask the MLA" for additional guidance.

Set Authors

Author:(How to credit authors and contributors)

(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the source.)

How many?

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: ., et al.

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Corporation or Organization as Author: .

(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)

(Only list the first author.)

(Go to the next field.)

Set Title

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

I am citing a/an:

Title of Source (Title of Article): "."

Title of Source (Title of Book): ",

Set Contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you need to credit contributors who are not listed in the Author field.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Contributor's Role:

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of illustrator would be listed as illustrated.)

Version (or edition, if there is one): ,

Number (if there is one): ,

Publisher (or Sponsor): , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the source or making it available to the public. Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit publisher's name if it is included in the Author or Title field above.)

Set Publication Date

Publication Date:

(Record the date as listed on your source, and include the time, if given.)

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Publication Time: Hour: Minute: A.M./P.M.: ,

Location: . (How to format URLs)

(If you enter page numbers, precede a single page number with p. and multiple with pp. If you enter a URL, do not include https://.)

Supplemental Element: .

(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript; Ex: PDF)

Is your source found within another source, such as a magazine inside of a database or a video on a streaming service?

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title of Container (Title of Source 2): ,

(Typically, this will be the title of a database or website. If that is the case, only fill in these two fields: Title of Container and Location. Otherwise, fill out applicable remaining fields.)

Set other contributors

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

(Only use this field if you need to credit contributors who are not listed in the Author field.)

Are there any contributors who are relevant to your project?

(Go to the next field.)

Remove contributor Click to add contributor

Last: , First: Middle or Initial: .

Contributor's Role:

(Enter one verb in the past tense to describe the contributor's role. For example, the role of illustrator would be listed as illustrated.)

Version (or edition, if there is one): ,

Number (if there is one): ,

Publisher (or Sponsor): , (How to credit publishers)

(The publisher is the organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the source or making it available to the public. Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit publisher's name if it is included in the Author or Title field above.)

Set other publication date

Publication Date:

(Record the date as listed on your source, and include the time, if given.)

Date: Day: Month: Month Range: Year: .

Publication Time: Hour: Minute: A.M./P.M.: ,

Location: . (How to format URLs)

(If you enter page numbers, precede a single page number with p. and multiple with pp. If you enter a URL, do not include https://.)

(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)

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Source Type

Citation Resources

Selected Citation Type

Examples:

Book, 2 authors, viewed in a library database

Graphic novel, 2 authors, 1 illustrator, e-book

Poem in a book, 1 poem author, 1 poem translator, 1 book editor, page number

Encyclopedia article, no author, 3 editors, from a multi-volume set, edition

Author:(How to credit authors and contributors)

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Examples:

Magazine article, volume & issue number, page numbers

Journal article, 4 authors, volume & issue number, no page numbers, viewed on a website, DOI

Journal article, volume & issue number, page numbers, viewed in a library database

Newspaper article, city not in newspaper title, non-consecutive pages

Author:

Title:

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Examples:

Web page, individual as author, publisher is also website title

Web page, no author, publisher is also website title

Blog post, known publisher

Comment on a blog post, known publisher, known date and timestamp

Author: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Publication Date:

Examples:

Documentary film, viewed on television (or in a theater or on a DVD)

Television episode, 1 writer (the focus of the research is on that contributor), viewed on an app

Digital series episode, viewed on the video publisher’s website

Video, uploaded by an organization, viewed on a sharing site

Author (Director):(How to credit authors and contributors)

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title:(How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Publication Date:

Examples:

Album, composer as author (classical music), performer listed as contributor

Song on an album, performer listed as author, multiple recording labels, listened to on an app

Audio podcast episode, host (contributor) is not the same for every episode, no episode number

Audio podcast episode, host (contributor) is the same for every episode, no episode number

Author (Creator): (How to credit authors and contributors)

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Author (Creator): (How to credit authors and contributors)

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Title: (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)

Contributors: (How to credit authors and contributors)

Container 2 (How to capitalize and punctuate titles)